BIOLOGY 221/221L Human Anatomy & Physiology(Dr. Ivy) SPRING 2004
STUDY GUIDE – Chap 1-2
Name and explain basic functions for the human body.
List at least ten (10) body systems and describe briefly their function/importance in the body.
Indicate the meaning of anatomy and physiology as well as their relationship. Give three (3) specific details associated with regulation in the human body.
Denote eight (8) different clinical technology that permit visualizing internally the body and/or various specific regions/parts.
Define the terms homeostasis, disease, metabolism, autoregulation, negative feedback, positive feedback, and distinct body cavities.
Discuss the key components of an atom and the structural specifics any element.
Name and explain at least three (3) versions of a bond associated with the elements and what are the states of matter.
List at least seven (7) types of chemical reactions and give the significance of each.
Explain the important aspects related to energy and chemical reactions.
Describe four (4) special properties for water and also for pH.
Make a comparison of inorganic with organic compounds, and name specific examples of each.
Define the terms isotope, molecule, enzyme, catalyst, exergonic, endergonic, metabolite, electrolyte, substrates, nucleic acids, and high-energy compounds.
BIOLOGY 221/221L Human Anatomy & Physiology(Dr. Ivy) (sec 2) SPRING 2004
STUDY GUIDE – Chap 3 & 4
List and describe all the different components and their function/importance within any cell in the body.
Indicate for any cell membrane its variety of constituents and the specialized processes associated with each.
Define the term nucleus and state the importance of all the specialized molecules, processes and structures related to it.
Explain the following terms permeability, diffusion, and the distinct transport processes in relationship to any cell.
Identify each stages of the life cycle for a cell in the body and discuss the specific differences occurring in every stage.
Give descriptions for cancer and differentiation as each relates to body cell function.
Detail how the human body is organized beginning with the cell and concluding with the different systems.
Name and discuss the various tissue types and the specific purposes for each found in the human body.
Indicate any specialized structures and their functions associated with human body tissues.
Give explanations for the following terms inflammation, regeneration, and aging.
BIOLOGY 221/221L Human Anatomy & Physiology(Dr. Ivy) (sec 2) SPRING 2004
STUDY GUIDE – Chap 5 & 6
List and describe three different regions and their function/importance for the body skin.
Indicate at least two cell types within the integumentary system and three special molecules synthesized by these cells associated with this system.
Identify ten abnormal skin conditions associated with this system of the body.
Define the phrase reticular layer and state the importance of all the specialized molecules and structures related to it.
Explain the following terms cornification, irradiation, excretion, perspiration (hidrosis) and the distinct functions for sweat from the body.
Identify each of the accessory structures for body skin and discuss the specific differences occurring within each.
Give descriptions for the variety of glands found in the skin and distinguish between as each one as it relates to skin functions.
Give explanations for the following terms burn, regeneration, scab, scar and keloid.
List and describe six different bone types and their function/importance for the body skeleton.
Indicate at least three cell types within the skeletal system and various specialized regions which form three classes of bone that are associated with this system.
Identify different abnormal bone conditions associated with this system of the body.
Detail the distinct dynamic processes (exercise, nutrition, hormonal) and state the importance of each one as related to the five skeletal system functions.
Explain the following terms osteogenesis, osteolysis, ossification, calcification, fractures (classes), and growth.
BIOLOGY 221/221L Human Anatomy & Physiology(Dr. Ivy) (sec 2) SPRING 2004
STUDY GUIDE – Chap 7, 8 & 9
Name and describe bones specifically and their function/significance as a component of the axial skeleton for the skull, face, nose, neck, chest and back.
State precisely the interaction of the skull, face, nose, neck, chest and back bones with their respective muscles.
Indicate at least two type of complexes associated with the facial bones and different special anatomic features such as the foramen, fissures, sulci, canals, processes, etc.
Detail the development and growth of the infant skull.
Give explanations for the following terms craniostenosis, deviated septum, kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis, microcephaly, sinusitis, spina bifida, articulation, etc.
Identify and describe bones specifically and their function/importance as a part of the appendicular skeleton for the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle and limbs.
Explain the following terms carpal tunnel syndrome, congenital talipes equinovarus and flatfeet.
Classify the articulations functionally and structurally.
Describe the variety of motions and movements for the human body.
Name and state specifically the importance of each joint type associated with different body regions.
Define the following terms arthritis, bunion, bursitis, herniated disc, slipped disc, luxation, osteoarthritis, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, subluxation, etc.
BIOLOGY 221/221L Human Anatomy & Physiology(Dr. Ivy) (sec 2) SPRING 2004
STUDY GUIDE Chap 10 & 11 Name and describe muscles specifically and their function/significance as a component of the axial skeleton for the skull, face, nose, neck, chest and back. State precisely the organization of the muscle cell or fiber with the blood vessels, nerves and bones with their respective muscles including all specific features. Indicate at least six types of muscular proteins associated with skeletal muscle and different special anatomic features such as the sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, active sites, etc. Define the sliding-filament theory. Detail the significance features occurring when skeletal muscles undergo contraction and tension production. Describe what relationship energy use, fatigue, recovery and hormones have with muscles. Compare the types of muscle fibers (skeletal, cardiac, smooth), white versus red muscles, and aerobic versus anaerobic endurance. Give explanations for following term myoglobin, hypertrophy, automaticity, dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, rigor mortis, etc. Identify and describe muscles specifically and their function/importance as a part of both the axial and appendicular skeletons for the head, neck, vertebral column, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle and limbs. Classify the origins and insertions functionally and structurally. Describe the variety of motions and movements for the human body. Define the following terms arthritis, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, carpal tunnel syndrome, fibrosis, hernia, ischemia, rotator cuff, etc.
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